To describe the advanced principles of optics and refraction (e.g., pre- and post-refractive surgery,higher order aberrations).
To list the indications for and uses of advanced low vision aids.
To identify the key examination techniques and management of complex but common medical and surgical problems in the subspecialty areas of glaucoma (e.g., complicated or post-operative primary and secondary open and closed angle glaucoma), cornea (e.g., unusual or rare types of microbial keratitis), ophthalmic plastic surgery (e.g., less common and more complex lid lesions, re-operation or complex or recurrent ptosis), retina (e.g., complex retinal detachment, tractional retinal detachments and severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy, proliferative vitreoretinopathy), and neuroophthalmology (e.g., unusual optic neuropathy, neuroimaging, supranuclear palsies, uncommon visual field defects).
Patient Care
To perform the most advanced anterior segment (e.g., complex refractions, advanced retinoscopy,advanced slit lamp biomicroscopy) and posterior segment examination skills (e.g., drawings of retinal detachments; interpretation of macular disorders with slit lamp biomicroscopy).
To manage or supervise the more junior trainees (e.g., medical students or medical residents) in the management ocular emergencies (e.g, central retinal artery occlusion, giant cell arteritis, chemical burn, angle closure glaucoma, endophthalmitis).
To perform more advanced external and adnexal surgical procedures (e.g., lacrimal gland procedures,complex lid laceration repair, e.g., canalicular and lacrimal apparatus involvement).
To perform and treat complications of common anterior segment surgery, (e.g., cataract extraction,trabeculectomy, peripheral iridectomy).
To recognize and evaluate the major genetic ocular disorders (e.g., neurofibromatosis I and II, tuberous sclerosis, von Hippel Lindau syndrome, retinoblastoma, retinitis pigmentosa).
To recognize uncommon or rare but classic ophthalmic histopathology findings.
